Solution steering with space-variant filters |
At this point a discussion of steering filters is appropriate. Plane waves with a given slope on a discrete grid can be predicted (destroyed) with compact filters (Schwab, 1997). Inverting such a filter by the helix method, we can create a signal with a given arbitrary slope extremely quickly. If this slope is expected in the model, the described procedure gives us a very efficient method of preconditioning the model estimation problem, fitting goal (2).
How can a plane prediction (steering) filter be created? On the helix surface,
the plane wave
translates naturally into a
periodic signal with the period of
, where is
the number of points on the trace, and
, where is the plane slope,
and and correspond to the mesh size.
If we design a filter that is two columns long
(assuming the columns go in the direction), then the plane
prediction problem is simply connected with the
interpolation problem: to destroy a plane wave, shift the
signal by , interpolate it, and subtract the result from the
original signal. Therefore, we can formally write
Different choices for the operator in (6)
produce filters with different length and prediction power.
A shifting operation corresponds to the filter with the -transform
, while the operator corresponds to an
approximation of with integer powers of . One possible
approach is to expand
using the Taylor series around
the zero frequency (). For example, the first-order approximation
is
steer-lagrange
Figure 2. Steering filters with Lagrange interpolation. The left and middle plots show the impulse responses of steering filters: the top panel corresponds to linear interpolation (two-point Lagrange, upwind finite-difference); the second top plot, the three-point Lagrange filter (Lax-Wendroff scheme); the two bottom plots, the 8-point and 13-point Lagrange filters. The right plots in each panel show the corresponding average spectrum. The spectrum flattens and the prediction get more accurate with an increase of the filter size. |
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The second-order Taylor approximation yields
If instead of Taylor series in , we use a rational (Padè)
approximation, the filter will get more than one coefficient in the
first row, which corresponds to an implicit finite-difference scheme.
For example, the Padè approximation is
It is interesting to note that a space-variant convolution with inverse plane filters can create signals with different shape, which remains planar only locally. This situation corresponds to a variable slowness in the one-way wave equation (9). Figure 3 shows an example: predicting hyperbolas with a 7-point Lagrangian filter.
steer-hyp7
Figure 3. Creating hyperbolas with a variant plane-wave prediction: the impulse response of the inverse 7-point time-and-space-variant Lagrangian filter. |
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Solution steering with space-variant filters |